Senin, 12 November 2012
Dispenser murah
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Alat Kesehatan Lampu halogen
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Alat Kesehatan Timbangan Tinggi Badan
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Harga : Rp. 400.000
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Sabtu, 10 November 2012
Inggris Yang Paling Banyak Menjajah Negara Lain
Ratu elisabhet II
Sebuah studi terbaru menunjukkan 90 persen negara di dunia ternyata pernah dijajah Inggris. Dari sekitar 200 negara di dunia saat ini, hanya 22 negara yang sama sekali tak pernah dijajah Inggris, antara lain Guatemala, Tajikistan dan Kepulauan Marshall termasuk satu negara Eropa, Luksemburg.
Sejarah penjajahan Inggris itu dimuat dalam sebuah buku berjudul All Countries We’ve Ever Invaded: And the Few Never Got Round To, karya Stuart Laycock.
Untuk menulis buku ini, Stuart berkeliling dunia ke negara-negara yang pernah dijajah Inggris. Dia melakukan riset sejarah persinggungan sebuah negara dengan Inggris.
Namun, dari daftar negara itu hanya sebagian kecil yang benar-benar pernah menjadi wilayah Kekaisaran Inggris. Sementara negara lain dimasukkan ke dalam daftar, karena sedikit banyak Inggris pernah hadir di wilayah mereka.
Dari beberapa negara yang pernah “dijajah” Inggris, beberapa cukup mengejutkan misalnya:
- Kuba. Pada 1714, armada Inggris di bawah pimpinan Laksamana Edward Vernon terdampar di Teluk Guantanamo. Saat terdampar itu, Vernon menguban nama Guantanamo menjadi Teluk Cumberland, sebelum meninggalkan Kuba karena mendapatkan perlawanan warga lokal dan wabah penyakit yang menyerang anak buahnya. Lalu 21 tahun sesudah peristiwa itu, ibu kota Kuba, Havana jatuh ke tangan Inggris lewat pertempuran berdarah. Tapi Inggris kemudian mengembalikan Havana ke tangan Spanyol pada 1763.
- Islandia, diinvasi pada 1940 pasukan Inggris setelah negara netral itu menolak bergabung dengan sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II. Pasukan penyerbu berkekuatan 745 personil marinir mendapatkan protes keras pemerintah Islandia namun tidak menemui perlawanan.
- Vietnam juga pernah beberapa kali diserang Inggris sejak abad ke-17. Upaya terakhir adalah pada 1945-1946, saat Inggris melancarkan kampanye untuk merebut negara itu dari kendali komunis. Namun, keterlibatan Inggris di Vietnam tertutupi konflik lebih besar melawan Perancis dan Amerika Serikat.
Salah satu negara yang tidak pernah dijajah dalam daftar itu adalah Mongolia. Namun, Laycock tak bisa mendapatkan bukti sahih. Laycock menemukan bukti bahwa pasukan Inggris pernah berada 50 mil dari perbatasan Mongolia saat terlibat dalam krisis Revolusi Rusia. Namun, dia tak mendapatkan bukti apakah pasukan Inggris itu melintasi batas negara Mongolia atau tidak
Tokoh Homo Jadi Calon Komisioner Komnas HAM
Sesuai pasal 28J UUD 1945, pelaksanaan HAM harus menghormati nilai-nilai moral dan nilai-nilai agamaSITUS detik.com, Senin (03/09/2012), menurunkan sebuah berita berjudul “Selangkah Lagi, Tokoh Gay Hingga Dokter Jadi Komisioner Komnas HAM”. Disebutkan, bahwa DPR akan menyeleksi 30 nama untuk disaring sehingga menjadi 11 anggota komisioner Komnas HAM yang baru. Dari 30 nama tersebut, terdapat nama Dede Oetomo, aktivis dan tokoh gay Indonesia yang ikut bersaing mempebutkan kursi pembela HAM ini.
Menurut Detik.com, bagi kalangan homo (gay) nama Dede Oetomo mungkin tak asing. Pendiri organisasi Gaya Nusantara yang berjuang untuk kalangan homoseksual telah merintis organisasi homoseksual itu sejak tahun 80-an. Dede Oetomo lahir pada Desember 1953 dan memulai kariernya sebagai dosen di Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. Sepulangnya dari kuliah Amerika Serikat untuk pendidikan doktor linguistik, dia memulai kampanye kepada publik tentang identitas diri dan orientasi seksual secara terbuka.
“Dede selalu menganggap bahwa Gay, Lesbian dan Waria mempunyai kesetaraan yang sama, kendati hal tersebut masih dianggap tabu di mayorias masyarakat Indonesia. Usahanya memperjuangkan kaum ‘terpinggirkan’ tidak sia-sia. Pada tahun 1998 dia menerima penghargaan dari International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commision, yaitu Felipa de Souza Award,” tulis detik.com.
Lolosnya nama Dede Oetomo menjadi calon komisioner Komnas HAM cukup mengejutkan. Dalam sebuah wawancara (http://lembagabhinneka.org/2012/08/wawancara-dede-oetomo-soe-tjen-marching), Dede Oetomo mengaku, bahwa ia mencalonkan diri sebagai komisioner Komnas HAM karena didorong oleh kawan-kawannya pejuang dan pendidik HAM, baik yang umum maupun yang berkaitan dengan hak-hak berdasarkan orientasi seksual dan identitas gender. “Dari muda aku memang peduli pada membangun Indonesia dan dunia yang lebih baik. Kesempatan ini aku rasa tepat untuk aku pada titik waktu sekarang ini,” ujarnya.
Dede juga menyatakan, “Yang ultrakonservatif Islamis menentang kelolosanku, bahkan ada yang sudah mengutuk panitia seleksi yang Muslim dan mengatakan mereka calon penghuni neraka.” Menurut Dede lebih jauh, mereka yang aktivis tentunya menghayati bahwa HAM itu universal, dan tampaknya mereka juga menganggap rekam-jejak pekerjaanku dalam 30 tahun-an terakhir OK. “Yang ultrakonservatif sudah bisa diduga tidak mengikuti perkembangan pemikiran yang cerdas, dan keluar dengan pernyataan-pernyataan klise yang memang cenderung heteroseksis dan sektarian,” ujarnya lagi.
Dari pernyataan Dede Oetomo tersebut, kita bisa memahami, bahwa kaum homoseksual sama sekali tidak merasa bersalah atas apa yang terjadi pada diri mereka. Bahkan, kaum yang menentang praktik homo diberi julukan sebagai kaum yang konservatif dan sebagainya. Seorang pegiat homoseksual dan lesbianisme, Gadis Arivia, dalam sebuah artikelnya “Mempertanyakan Kembali Moral dn Homoseksualitas”, menulis:
“Ada kejanggalan di dalam masyarakat kita ketika mengotak-kotakan rasa kasih. Masyarakat yang tadinya menjalin silahturahmi dengan orang sekitarnya bisa berubah seratus persen ketika mengetahui bahwa rasa kasih yang tadinya ia ulurkan, diterima oleh mereka yang memiliki orientasi seksual yang berbeda. Rasa kasih berubah menjadi rasa benci. Orang-orang yang demikian tidak mampu melihat manusia apa adanya dengan segala kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Rasa benci atas dasar orientasi seksual sebenarnya bekerja sama sebangun dengan rasa benci atas dasar etnis tertentu, agama tertentu, dan jenis kelamin tertentu. Tindakan diskriminatif terjadi ketika seseorang tidak dapat melihat hakekat manusia (yang sebenarnya sama esensinya) melainkan lebih melihat atribut manusia.”
Kaum homoseksual, lesbianisme (yang kini populer dengan istilah LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual, dan Transgender) tampaknya sedang menemukan momentum baru untuk melegalkan hubungan mereka, di tengah arus besar penetapan prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Gerakan LGBT di dunia internasional semakin mendapat angin setelah ditetapkannya Piagam Prinsip-prinsip Yogyakarta tahun 2006.
Pada tahun 2006, terjadi sebuah peristiwa penting di Indonesia, yakni berkumpulnya pakar-pakar Hak Asasi Manusia (Human rights) di kota Yogyakarta. Mereka menghasilkan sebuah Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia bertajuk “The Yogyakarta Principles: on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.”
Piagam (Prinsip-prinsip) Yogyakarta ini diawali dengan ungkapan: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. All human rights are universal, interdependent, indivisible and interrelated. Sexual orientation and gender identity are integral to every person’s dignity and humanity and must not be the basis for discrimination or abuse.” (http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm).
Sebuah kelompok pejuang kesetaraan gender dan LGBT di Indonesia, bernama Arus Pelangi, menerjemahkan kalimat pembuka Prinsip-prinsip Yogyakarta itu sebagai berikut: “Semua manusia terlahir merdeka dan sejajar dalam martabat dan hak-haknya. Semua manusia memiliki sifat universal, saling bergantung, tak dapat dibagi dan saling berhubungan. Orientasi seksual dan identitas gender bersifat menyatu dengan martabat dan kemanusiaan setiap orang serta tak boleh menjadi dasar bagi adanya diskriminasi ataupun kekerasan.”
Piagam Yogyakarta itu saat ini telah menjadi pedoman bagi gerakan aktivis LGBT seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM) dan Komisi Nasional Perempuan (Komnas Perempuan) – lembaga resmi negara – telah melakukan sosialisasi terhadap Piagam tersebut. Dalam sebuah analisisnya tentang gerakan LGBT, Komnas Perempuan menyebutkan:
”Hambatan terbesar adalah dari agama. Berbagai contoh muncul di dalam FBI bagaimana dogma agama menjadi batu sandungan yang paling berat. Penafsiran ajaran agama yang mendiskreditkan kelompok LGBT sangat sulit untuk diubah sehingga stigma dan perlakuan diskriminatif terhadap LGBT mendapatkan pembenaran dari masyarakat. Menguatnya fundamentalisme agama belakangan ini turut berperan dalam menghambat perkembangan perjuangan hak-hak LGBT. Lebih jauh lagi, tafsir agama yang tidak berpihak pada kelompok LGBT tersebut mendapatkan pengesahan dari negara melalui aturan hukum seperti pada UU Perkawinan yang tidak mengakui perkawinan sejenis. Hal tersebut menyebabkan advokasi kebijakan tidak dapat dilakukan secara langsung oleh kelompok LGBT karena menghadapi penolakan yang kuat dari kalangan agamawan sehingga tidak strategis untuk mendesakkan penerimaan terhadap kelompok LGBT secara frontal.” (Komisi Nasional Perempuan — Indonesia)
Karena sudah dimasukkan dalam agenda perjuangan HAM global, maka sedang terus diusahakan, bahwa siapa saja atau negara mana saja, yang masih menerapkan hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang diskriminatif terhadap kaum LGBT akan dimasukkan dalam kategori ”pelanggaran HAM”. Seperti halnya tindakan ”rasisme” yang secara internasional dinyatakan sebagai suatu bentuk kejahatan, maka saat ini juga disosialisasikan istilah ”homofobia” sebagai suatu bentuk kejahatan, bahkan ditetapkan sebagai suatu penyakit jiwa (mental illness).
Setelah reformasi tahun 1998, sistem politik dan kenegaraan di Indonesia semakin liberal. Dalam amandemen (perubahan) Konstitusi Indonesia (UUD 1945), dimasukkan artikel-artikel yang secara khusus mewajibkan pelaksanaan HAM di Indonesia. Kebebasan yang sangat luas di bidang pers juga telah memungkinkan propaganda yang sangat massif untuk menerima perkawinan sesama jenis. Yang lebih merusak adalah propaganda sebagian kalangan liberal yang secara terus-menerus berusaha mengubah penafsiran al-Quran sehingga memungkinkan dihalalkannya perkawinan sesama jenis.
Semua jenis kebebasan dan usaha untuk menghalalkan perkawinan sesama jenis ini dilakukan dengan berlandaskan kepada Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), di mana saja, termasuk di Indonesia. Kata mereka, hak perkawinan sesama jenis dilindungi oleh UUD 1945.
Misalnya, dikutip pasal 28 B UUD 1945: (1) Setiap orang berhak membentuk keluarga dan melanjutkan keturunan melalui perkawinan yang sah. (2) Setiap anak berhak atas kelangsungan hidup, tumbuh, dan berkembang serta berhak atas perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi.
Tetapi, para aktivis HAM liberal kadangkala mengabaikan pasal 28J UUD 1945: (1) Setiap orang wajib menghormati hak asasi manusia orang lain dalam tertib kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara. (2) Dalam menjalankan hak dan kebebasannya, setiap orang wajib tunduk kepada pembatasan yang ditetapkan dengan undang-undang dengan maksud semata-mata untuk menjamin pengakuan serta penghormatan atas hak kebebasan orang lain dan untuk memenuhi tuntutan yang adil sesuai dengan pertimbangan moral, nilai-nilai agama, keamanan, dan ketertiban umum
dalam suatu masyarakat demokratis.
Jadi, sesuai pasal 28J UUD 1945, pelaksanaan HAM harus menghormati nilai-nilai moral dan nilai-nilai agama. Tentu saja, dalam pertimbangan Islam, perilaku homoseksual dan lesbianisme adalah tindakan kejahatan yang sangat berat. Rasulullah saw bersabda, “Siapa saja yang menemukan pria pelaku homoseks, maka bunuhlah pelakunya tersebut.” (HR Abu Dawud, at-Tirmizi, an-Nasai, Ibnu Majah, al-Hakim, dan al-Baihaki).
Ironisnya, dalam KUHP kita, tindakan homoseksual tidak dipandang sebagai satu bentuk kejahatan, kecuali bila dilakukan dengan anak-anak di bawah umur, atau belum dewasa. Pasal 292 KUHP menyebutkan: “Orang dewasa yang melakukan perbuatan cabul dengan orang lain sesama kelamin yang diketahuinya atau sepatutnya harus diduganya belum dewasa, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun.”
Jadi, sesuai KUHP warisan penjajah itu, jika Dede Oetomo melakukan praktik homoseksual dengan laki-laki dewasa, dia terhindar dari jerat hukum pidana. Tetapi, jika melakukan praktik homoseksual dengan anak-anak, maka dia bisa dijerat dengan KUHP. Hanya saja, dari segi agama, tindakan homoseksual jelas-jelas tidak bisa dibenarkan. Dalam UU HAM, UU No.39/1999, masalah agama juga menjadi pertimbangan. Misalnya, pasal 50 UU HAM menyebutkan: “Wanita yang telah dewasa dan atau telah menikah berhak untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum sendiri, kecuali ditentukan lain oleh hukum agamanya.”
UU HAM juga ditetapkan dengan pertimbangan menjalankan prinsip ketaqwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa: “Bahwa manusia, sebagai makhluk ciptaan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang mengemban tugas mengelola dan memelihara alam semesta dengan penuh ketaqwaan dan penuh tanggung jawab untuk kesejahteraan umat manusia, oleh pencipta-Nya dianugerahi hak asasi untuk menjamin keberadaan harkat dan martabat kemuliaan dirinya serta keharmonisan lingkungannya.”
Dengan memperhatikan prinsip Ketuhanan dan ketaqwaan, sebenarnya sangatlah sebenarnya aneh jika seorang tokoh homo seperti Dede Oetomo bisa lolos sampai masuk tahap seleksi calon Komisioner Komnas HAM di DPR. Dengan logika sederhana kita bisa bertanya, apakah yang selama ini dipraktikkan oleh Dede Oetomo bersama pasangannya merupakan realisasi dari ketaqwaan kepada Tuhan? Apalagi, Dede Oetomo bukan hanya mempraktikkan, tetapi juga mengkampanyekan kehalalan perbuatan yang dikutuk oleh Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
Homoseksual dan lesbian adalah suatu penyakit yang seharusnya diobati. Homo dan lesbi sama sekali bukan fitrah manusia. Indonesia tidak sepatutnya mengikuti pemahaman HAM sekuler-liberal yang membuang agama dalam penentuan baik dan buruk. Karena itu, kita berharap, para anggota DPR yang akan menyeleksi Komisioner Komnas HAM memegang teguh prinsip keagamaan dan ketaqwaan. Apalagi, dalam Islam, homoseksual dan lebsbianisme dipandang sebagai kejahatan kemanusiaan yang merusak sendi-sendi kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan negara.
Sungguh sulit kita bayangkan, apa jadinya negeri ini, jika – demi HAM — suatu ketika nanti seorang homo menjadi komandan upacara 17 Agustus di Istana Negara, apalagi menjadi panglima TNI? Wallahu a’lam bil-shawab.*/Jakarta, 14 September 2012
Penulis Ketua Program Doktor Pendidikan Islam – Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor. Catatan Akhir Pekan [CAP] adalah hasil kerjasama Radio Dakta 107 FM dan hidayatullah.com
Komunitas Muslim Amerika Lebih Memilih Obama
AMERIKA_DAKTACOM: Pada papan pengumuman di Masjid
Downtown Islamic Center (DIC), seorang aktivis Demokrat menempelkan
selembar kertas ucapan terima kasih atas bantuan anggota jamaah
menggalang suara di pilpres AS kali ini.Tidak diketahui secara persis komposisi kecenderungan suara para jemaah, namun sepertinya warna Demokrat cukup kental di sini.
“Saya orang demokrat baik dengan huruf d besar maupun d kecil,” kata Malik Mujahid, salah satu imam dan khotib di Masjid DIC, yang ditemui usai memimpin salat berjamaah.
Ia lantas berceita tentang kebebasan beragama yang ia rasakan makin besar di era Presiden Obama. Ia mengakui selalu ada anggota masyarakat yang memandang curiga terhadap komunitas Muslim.
”Namun secara umum kami merasa ada jaminan atas kehidupan beragama di sini,” kata Mujahid.
Masjid DIC terletak di jantung kota Chicago.
Terletak di lantai 4 dan 5 sebuah gedung di 231 South State Street, Masjid DIC diapit oleh toko, restoran, dan perkantoran.
Seperti halnya rata-rata masjid di negara-negara Barat, tidak ada menara atau jendela dengan corak arsitektur Islam di sini.
Malik Mujahid
Malik Mujahid menuturkan kebebasan agama terjamin di bawah Presiden Obama.
Mujahid mengatakan ada banyak masjid di Chicago dan jumlahnya terus bertambah dari tahun ke tahun.
Penambahan masjid dimungkinkan karena ada dukungan dari masyarakat dan pemerintah, kata Mujahid.
“Kalau misalnya ada masalah dengan pembangunan masjid, kami akan jelaskan semuanya, terutama kepada pihak-pihak yang keberatan,” papar Mujahid.
Dalam catatannya ada sekitar 15 masjid yang proses pembangunannya tidak selancar yang diharapkan.
Ia memperkirakan penentangan ini mungkin disebabkan oleh stigma negatif yang ditempelkan ke Islam
Dalam khotbah Jumat pekan lalu, Mujahid secara terbuka meminya jamaah untuk mencoblos dalam pemungutan suara hari Selasa (6/11).
“Pilih calon yang mendukung kehidupan beragama kita. Ini kesempatan sekali dalam empat tahun, namun bisa menentukan nasib kita semua,” katanya.
Hubungan dengan tetangga
“Pilih calon yang mendukung kehidupan beragama kita. Ini kesempatan sekali dalam empat tahun, namun bisa menentukan nasib kita semua.”
Malik Mujahid
Dalam bincang-bincang usai menyampaikan khotbah, Mujahid mengatakan komunitas Muslim di AS perlu menjadi contoh bagi masyarakat.
Ia meminta anggota komunitas Islam untuk berintegrasi dan memberikan sumbangan yang lebih luas dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.
“Di mana pun seorang Muslim berada, apakah di pemerintah maupun di luar pemerintah, ia harus memberikan yang terbaik,” katanya.
Saat ditanya apakah anggota komunitas Muslim harus lebih banyak menjadi politisi agar suara dan kepentingan Muslim lebih didengar, Mujahid mengatakan, “Kata politisi memiliki konotasi negatif.”
“Yang penting adalah kontribusi positif dari umat Islam. Ini bisa dimulai dari lingkup yang paling kecil, misalnya membina hubungan baik dengan para tetangga,” katanya.
“Muslim harus menginspirasi dan menjadi contoh yang baik,” tandasnya.
Kebebasan menjalankan ibadah juga dirasakan Mohammad Omar, warga Virgina, yang selalu menyempatkan diri salat berjamaah di Islamic Center, Washington DC.
Berbeda dengan DIC di Chicago, Islamic Center di Washington DC tidak ubahnya masjid di negara-negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim, lengkap dengan menara yang menjulang.
“Saya sudah berpuluh-puluh tahun menetap di sini dan saya senang komunitas Muslim memiliki masjid yang indah seperti ini,” kata Omar.
“Selama ini saya tak punya pengalaman buruk. Saya kira pemerintah tidak mempermasalahkan kami,” katanya.
Di luar itu, ia memimpikan masjid di Washington DC suatu saat nanti bisa menyuarakan azan melalui pengeras suara, sama halnya dengan gereja yang dibolehkan untuk membunyikan lonceng.
Majelis Hakim Tolak Eksepsi Pengacara Terdakwa Penista Agama
Sidang Penistaan Agama di Pengadilan Negeri Bekasi
“Kami menolak dakwaan yang dibacakan oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umun, Senin lalu (5/11/12), karena tidak cermat dalam menguraikan, seperti tidak jelas tempat kejadian, apakah di dalam atau diluar masjid, dan tidak dilampirkan surat keterangan gangguan jiwa dr RSP Pertamina dan RS Polda” ujar Pengacara terdakwa Petrus, Aji Suharto, yang ditemui usai sidang, Rabu (7/11/12).
Namun, eksepsi yang diajukan pengacara Petrus, tolak Majelis Hakim, karena menurut Hakim, eksepsi sudah memasuki pokok perkara, namun menurut pengacara belum memasuki pokok perkara, sehingga terjadi perbedaan sudut pandang antara majelis hakim dan pengacara.
Sementara itu, Jaksa Penuntut Umum menanggapi eksepsi dari pengacara Petrus, itu merupakan hal wajar untuk membela kliennya dan diatur dalam undang-undang, dan hakim sangat bijak memberikan putusan untuk menolak eksepsi karena sudah memasuki pokok perkara.
Setiap persidangan, aparat kepolisian selalu berjaga di dalam maupun diluar ruang sidang, guna mengantisipasi kericuhan.
Sempat terjadi kegaduhan ketika terdakwa hendak dibawa kembali ke LP Bulak Kapal. Meski demikian sidang berjalan dengan tertib, tanpa adanya kericuhan dari jamaah dan FPI Bekasi.
Sidang akan kembali dilanjutkan Senin pekan depan, dengan agenda mendengarkan keterangan saksi. Pihak Jamaah Masjid Darul Ulum akan menghadirkan 5 saksi, sedangkan dari pihak Petrus belum akan menghadirkan saksi sambil menunggu jalannya persidangan selanjutnya.***
Ajudan Pimpinan KPK Mengundurkan Diri Kembali ke Polri
Bambang Wijoyanto-Abrahan Samad
“Mohon doa dan dukungannya semoga niat dan tindakan saya dapat berguna bagi diri pribadi sekeluarga dan Polri tercinta pada umumnya,” begitu tercantum dalam pesan berantai itu.
Kepala Pemberitaan dan Informasi KPK, Priharsa Nugraha, membenarkan kabar pengunduran diri Joyo Mulyo sebagai ajudan pimpinan KPK dan kembali ke Polri. “Iya, dia (Joyo Mulyo) telah menyampaikan pengunduran diri,” katanya, Kamis (8/11/12).
Priharsa juga membenarkan jika penugasan Joyo memang akan berakhir pada Januari 2013 mendatang dan memang dijadwalkan tidak akan diperpanjang lagi, hingga mungkin ini menjadi alasan Joyo mengundurkan diri lebih awal. “Sprintgasnya memang berakhir pada Januari 2013,” ujarnya.
Secara terpisah, Joyo masih enggan menanggapi soal pengunduran dirinya. Informasi yang diperoleh dari pesan berantai menyebutkan Joyo menyampaikan pengunduran diri pertanggal Rabu 7 November 2012 sebagai Ajudan Pimpinan KPK.
Dalam informasi tersebut dinyatakan, pengunduran diri ini berasal dari niat dan rasa cinta terhada Kepolisian RI dan KPK, tidak ada sedikitpun tekanan /intervensi dari Kepolisian RI.
Rabu, 07 November 2012
First Lady Michelle Obama
But before she was a mother -- or a wife, lawyer or public servant -- she was Fraser and Marian Robinson's daughter.
The Robinsons lived in a brick bungalow on the South Side of Chicago.
Fraser was a pump operator for the Chicago Water Department, and despite
being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at a young age, he hardly ever
missed a day of work. Marian stayed home to raise Michelle and her older
brother Craig, skillfully managing a busy household filled with love,
laughter, and important life lessons.
A product of Chicago public schools, Mrs. Obama studied sociology and
African-American studies at Princeton University. After graduating from
Harvard Law School in 1988, she joined the Chicago law firm Sidley &
Austin, where she later met the man who would become the love of her
life.
After a few years, Mrs. Obama decided her true calling was working with people to serve their communities and their neighbors. She served as assistant commissioner of planning and development in Chicago's City Hall before becoming the founding executive director of the Chicago chapter of Public Allies, an AmeriCorps program that prepares youth for public service.
In 1996, Mrs. Obama joined the University of Chicago with a vision of bringing campus and community together. As Associate Dean of Student Services, she developed the university's first community service program, and under her leadership as Vice President of Community and External Affairs for the University of Chicago Medical Center, volunteerism skyrocketed.
Promoting Service and working with young people has remained a staple of her career and her interest. Continuing this effort now as First Lady, Mrs. Obama in 2010 launched Let’s Move!, a campaign to bring together community leaders, teachers, doctors, nurses, moms and dads in a nationwide effort to tackle the challenge of childhood obesity. Let’s Move! has an ambitious but important goal: to solve the epidemic of childhood obesity within a generation.
Let’s Move! will give parents the support they need, provide healthier food in schools, help our kids to be more physically active, and make healthy, affordable food available in every part of our country.
In 2011, Mrs. Obama and Dr. Jill Biden together launched Joining Forces, a nationwide initiative that mobilizes all sectors of society to give our service members and their families the opportunities and support they have earned, and to raise awareness of military families' unique needs as pertains to employment, education and wellness. Joining Forces has been working hand in hand with American businesses who are committed to answering the President's challenge to hire or train 100,000 unemployed veterans and military spouses by 2013.
As First Lady, Mrs. Obama looks forward to continuing her work on the issues close to her heart — supporting military families, helping working women balance career and family, encouraging national service, promoting the arts and arts education, and fostering healthy eating and healthy living for children and families across the country.
Michelle and Barack Obama have two daughters: Malia, 14, and Sasha, 11. Like their mother, the girls were born on the South Side of Chicago.
President Barack Obama
His story is the American story — values from the heartland, a middle-class upbringing in a strong family, hard work and education as the means of getting ahead, and the conviction that a life so blessed should be lived in service to others.
With a father from Kenya and a mother from Kansas, President Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961. He was raised with help from his grandfather, who served in Patton's army, and his grandmother, who worked her way up from the secretarial pool to middle management at a bank.
After working his way through college with the help of scholarships and student loans, President Obama moved to Chicago, where he worked with a group of churches to help rebuild communities devastated by the closure of local steel plants.
He went on to attend law school, where he became the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. Upon graduation, he returned to Chicago to help lead a voter registration drive, teach constitutional law at the University of Chicago, and remain active in his community.
President Obama's years of public service are based around his unwavering belief in the ability to unite people around a politics of purpose. In the Illinois State Senate, he passed the first major ethics reform in 25 years, cut taxes for working families, and expanded health care for children and their parents. As a United States Senator, he reached across the aisle to pass groundbreaking lobbying reform, lock up the world's most dangerous weapons, and bring transparency to government by putting federal spending online.
He was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. He and his wife, Michelle, are the proud parents of two daughters, Malia, 14, and Sasha, 11.
Barack Obama Curiculum Vitae
Barack Obama
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| United States Senator from Illinois |
|
| In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
| Succeeded by | Roland Burris |
| Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District |
|
| In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 |
|
| Preceded by | Alice Palmer |
| Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II August 4, 1961 [1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.[2] |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (October 3, 1992–present) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | White House (Official) Chicago, Illinois (Private) |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia College (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author |
| Religion | Christianity[3] |
| Awards | Nobel Peace Prize |
| Signature |  |
| Website | barackobama.com |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, running unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 2000.Several events earned Obama national attention during his campaign to represent the State of Illinois in the United States Senate in 2004, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won the Senate election in November 2004, serving until his resignation following his 2008 presidential election victory. After a close race in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he won his party's nomination against Hillary Rodham Clinton. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. On November 6, 2012, he defeated Republican nominee Mitt Romney .[4]
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 in response to the 2007–2009 recession in the United States. Other major domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In foreign policy, Obama ended US military involvement in the Iraq War, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. military involvement in Libya, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support legalizing same-sex marriage.
Contents |
Early life and career
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,[2][5][6] and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.[7] His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry.[8] His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[9][10] The couple married in Wailuku on Maui on February 2, 1961,[11][12] and separated when Obama's mother moved with her newborn son to Seattle, Washington, in late August 1961, to attend the University of Washington for one year. In the meantime, Obama, Sr. completed his undergraduate economics degree in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school at Harvard University on a scholarship. His parents divorced in March 1964.[13] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964 where he remarried; he visited Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971.[14] He died in an automobile accident in 1982.[15]In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography at the University of Hawaii, and the couple were married on Molokai on March 15, 1965.[16] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet subdistrict of south Jakarta, then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng subdistrict of central Jakarta.[17] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local Indonesian-language schools: St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School for two years and Besuki Public School from one and half years, supplemented by English-language Calvert School home schooling by his mother.[18]
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[10] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[23] Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[24] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".[25] Obama was also member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.[26][27] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama expressed regret for his high-school drug use.[28]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to divest from South Africa in response to its policy of apartheid.[29] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[29] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[30] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[31] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[32][33]
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School
Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[33][34] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[35] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[36] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[37][38] He returned to Kenya in 1992 with his fiancée Michelle and his sister Auma.[37][39] He returned to Kenya in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[40]In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[41] and president of the journal in his second year.[35][42] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[43] After graduating with a J.D. magna cum laude[44] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[41] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[35][42] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[45] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[45]
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[45][46] He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.[47]From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[48]
In 1993, he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. His law license became inactive in 2007.[49][50]
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation.[33] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[33]
Legislative career: 1997–2008
State Senator: 1997–2004
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[51] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.[52] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[53] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[54]Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[55] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary race for Illinois's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[56]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[57] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[53][58] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[59] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[60]
U.S. Senate campaign
Main article: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004
Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[62] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[63] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[64] and spoke out against the war.[65] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[66]
Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[67] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[68] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[69] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[70]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[71] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[72] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.[73]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[74] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[75] CQ Weekly
characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate
votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would
resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[76]Legislation
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[77] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons;[78] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[79] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[80]Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[81] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[82]
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[88] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[89] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[90] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[91]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[92] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[93] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[94] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[95]Presidential campaigns
2008 presidential campaign
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[101] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[102]
On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[103] Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[104] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[105] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[106][107]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[108] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[109]
John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[110] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[111] Obama won 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%.[112] He became the first African American to be elected president.[113] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[114]
2012 presidential campaign
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012
At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, former President Bill Clinton formally nominated Obama and Joe Biden as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election, in which their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.[121]
On November 6, 2012, Obama won at least 303 delegates to the electoral college, exceeding the 270 delegates required to be elected to a second term as president.[122][123] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice.[124]
Presidency
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
First days
Domestic policy
Main article: Barack Obama social policy
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[132]
Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's
Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million
uninsured children.[133] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[134]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[138][139]
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[140][141]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[142][143]
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[144]
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.[148][149]
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate Obama had said in 1996 that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage;[150] but by the time of his run for the U.S. senate in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.[151] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[152][153]
Economic policy
Main article: Economic policy of Barack Obama
In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.[156] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[157] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[158] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.[159] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[160] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.[161][162][163]
Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[164] However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP.[165][166] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90% of GDP.[167] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $16.4 trillion was signed into law on January 26, 2012.[168] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[169] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U.S. government default on its obligations.[170]
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[178][179] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[179][180][181][182] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[178] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[183]
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[184] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[185]
Health care reform
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[186] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[189] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.[190]
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[196] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5% of income,[197][198] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[197][199]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[200] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[201] In March, 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[202]
The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the Commerce Clause does not allow the government to require people to buy health insurance, but the mandate was constitutional under the US Congress's taxing authority.[203]
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22, he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[204] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[205]2010 midterm election
Main article: United States House of Representatives elections, 2010
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[206] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[207] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[208]Foreign policy
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama foreign policy
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[211] This attempt was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[212] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[213] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[214]
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[215] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[216]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[217]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[218][219] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[220] The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.[221]
On December 6, 2011, he instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[222]
Iraq War
Main article: Iraq War
On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq
would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines
preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this
as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will
end."[223]
The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to
be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while
leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end
of 2011.[needs update] On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[224][225] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[226] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".[227]War in Afghanistan
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[228]
He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February
2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he
said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources
it urgently requires".[229] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal
in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience
would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[230] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.[231] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.[232][needs update] McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[233]Israel
In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[237] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[238]
War in Libya
Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya
In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[239] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[240] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi[241]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[242]
yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The
next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air
strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to
protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[243] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[244][245][246] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[247] Some Representatives[248]
questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order
military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and
aftermath.[249][250]Osama bin Laden
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
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Cultural and political image
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama
See also: International media reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008 and International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[263] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[264]
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating[265] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,[266] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[267] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.[268][269][270] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[271] and before being elected President he met with prominent foreign figures including British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[272] Italy's Democratic Party leader and Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[273] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[274]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[278] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month[279] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[280] In December 2008, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[281]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[282] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[283] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[284][285] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Family and personal life
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[292] Besides his native English, Obama speaks some basic Indonesian, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[293][294] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team[295]; he is left-handed.[296]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[301] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[302] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[303] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[304] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[305] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[306] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[307]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[308] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[309]
In December 2007, Money estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[310] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[311][312] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[313][314] As per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[315]
Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.[316][317]
Religious views
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[318]In an interview with the evangelical periodical Christianity Today, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[319] On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."[320][321]
Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.[322] He resigned from Trinity during the presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[323] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.[324]
Notes
- ^ "President Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii (The White House). April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian"
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". Associated Press. msnbc.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.".
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
- Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.".
- Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post. p. A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."
- ^ "Obama projected to win Ohio, will win re-election". CBS News. November 6, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog) (NPR). Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.
- ^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
- Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
- Maraniss (2012), p. 154–160.
- ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ Scott (2011), p. 86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
- Maraniss (2012), p. 160–163.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.
- ^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.
- ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.
- ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
- Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.
- ^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
- ^ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved February 10, 2007. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
- ^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe (Associated Press). p. 8A. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang"". ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- ^ "FRONTLINE The Choice 2012". PBS. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today (Associated Press). Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". ISSN 0572-7820. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- ^ Obama, Barack (1998). "Curriculum vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Archived from the original on August 9, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b c d Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0.
- ^ Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic 236 (12): 22–26, 28–29. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
- Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
- ^ a b c Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough". The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues 14 (8–9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. reprinted in:
Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. "He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest." - ^ a b Obama, Auma (2012). And then life happens: a memoir. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. ISBN 978-1-250-01005-6.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.
- ^ Mundy, Liza (2008). Michelle: a biography. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4165-9943-2.
- Maraniss (2012), p. 564.
- ^ Gnecchi, Nico (February 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya". Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ a b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
- ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). "Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama". Black Issues in Higher Education 7 (1): 5. ISSN 0742-0277. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor". The Miami Herald (Associated Press). p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). "Barack Obama". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ Merriner, James L. (June 2008). "The friends of O". Chicago 57 (6): 74–79, 97–99. ISSN 0362-4595. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008). "Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama". The New Republic 239 (1): 7–8. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). "Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). "Taking professor Obama's class". Time. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). "Case study". p. 76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). "Ivory tower of power". p. 6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- ^ "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ White, Jesse, ed. (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. Archived from the original on April 16, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). "'Project Vote' brings power to the people" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 23. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). "Vote of confidence". Chicago 42 (1): 53–54. ISSN 0362-4595. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Anderson, Veronica (September 27 – October 3 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business 16 (39): 43. ISSN 0149-6956.
- ^ Gore, D'Angelo (June 14, 2012). "The Obamas' Law Licenses". FactCheck.org. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
- ^ Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe (Associated Press). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). "Obama's law days effective but brief". Los Angeles Times. p. A14. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. July 5, 1993. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Ripley, Amanda (November 3, 2004). "Obama's ascent". Time. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
- ^ Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 65. Retrieved July 16, 2011. State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2008.Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also:"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". Associated Press. CBS News. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original on April 12, 2000. Retrieved April 20, 2008."13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 2, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results – Illinois". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007). "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid". Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (July 16, 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). "Obama learned from failed Congress run". USA Today. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
- ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 17. Retrieved June 1, 2008.Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Youngman, Sam; Aaron Blake (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved May 18, 2012. See also:"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune (Associated Press). November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". Associated Press. HPKCC. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early defeat launched a rapid political climb". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
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References
- Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-793-5.
- Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-6040-4.
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-085820-9.
- Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3.
- Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
- Scott, Janny (2011). A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2.
Further reading
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Truman State University), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", The New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward, Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President, Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
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